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Find out how to wire an LCD to an Arduino, and how to use the LiquidCrystal library through a set of useful examples.

LAST REVISION: 07/24/2023, 12:27 PM

This article was revised on 2021/11/18 by Karl Söderby.

The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface.

Output of the sketch on a 16×2 LCD

The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:

  • A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD’s memory you’re writing data to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction register, which is where the LCD’s controller looks for instructions on what to do next.
  • A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode
  • An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers
  • 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that you’re writing to a register when you write, or the values you’re reading when you read.

There’s also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and GND) and LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.

The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register. The LiquidCrystal Library simplifies this for you so you don’t need to know the low-level instructions.

The Hitachi-compatible LCDs can be controlled in two modes: 4-bit or 8-bit. The 4-bit mode requires seven I/O pins from the Arduino, while the 8-bit mode requires 11 pins. For displaying text on the screen, you can do most everything in 4-bit mode, so example shows how to control a 16×2 LCD in 4-bit mode.

Hardware Required

  • Arduino Board
  • LCD Screen (compatible with Hitachi HD44780 driver)
  • pin headers to solder to the LCD display pins
  • 10k ohm potentiometer
  • 220 ohm resistor
  • hook-up wires
  • breadboard

Circuit

Note that this circuit was originally designed for the Arduino UNO. As the Arduino is communicating with the display using SPI, pin 11 & 12 will change depending on what board you are using. For example, on a MKR WiFi 1010, the SPI bus is attached to pin 8 & 11.

Before wiring the LCD screen to your Arduino board we suggest to solder a pin header strip to the 14 (or 16) pin count connector of the LCD screen, as you can see in the image further up.

To wire your LCD screen to your board, connect the following pins:

  • LCD RS pin to digital pin 12
  • LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11
  • LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5
  • LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4
  • LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3
  • LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2
  • LCD R/W pin to GND
  • LCD VSS pin to GND
  • LCD VCC pin to 5V
  • LCD LED+ to 5V through a 220 ohm resistor
  • LCD LED- to GND

Additionally, wire a 10k potentiometer to +5V and GND, with it’s wiper (output) to LCD screens VO pin (pin3).

The circuit (made using Fritzing).

Schematic

The schematic (made using Fritzing).

Hello World Example

This example sketch prints 

Hello World!

to the LCD and shows the time in seconds since the Arduino was reset.

48const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
49LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
55  lcd.print("hello, world!");
63  lcd.print(millis() / 1000);

This example sketch shows how to use the 

autoscroll()

and 

noAutoscroll()

methods to move all the text on the display left or right. 

  • autoscroll()

    moves all the text one space to the left each time a letter is added

  • noAutoscroll()

    turns scrolling off

This sketch prints the characters 

0

to 

9

with autoscroll off, then moves the cursor to the bottom right, turns autoscroll on, and prints them again.

71const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
73LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
90  for (int thisChar = 0; thisChar <<> 10; thisChar++) {
108  for (int thisChar = 0; thisChar <<> 10; thisChar++) {

Blink Example

This example sketch shows how to use the 

blink()

and 

noBlink()

methods to blink a block-style cursor.

71const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
73LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
83  lcd.print("hello, world!");

Cursor

This example sketch shows how to use the 

cursor()

and 

noCursor()

methods to control an underscore-style cursor.

73const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
75LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
85  lcd.print("hello, world!");

Display Example

This example sketch shows how to use the 

display()

and 

noDisplay()

methods to turn on and off the display. The text to be displayed will still be preserved when you use noDisplay() so it’s a quick way to blank the display without losing everything on it.

47const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
48LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
54  lcd.print("hello, world!");

This example sketch shows how to use the 

scrollDisplayLeft()

and 

scrollDisplayRight()

methods to reverse the direction the text is flowing. It prints “Hello World!”, scrolls it offscreen to the left, then offscreen to the right, then back to home.

47const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
48LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
54  lcd.print("hello, world!");
61  for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter <<> 13; positionCounter++) {
63    lcd.scrollDisplayLeft();
70  for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter <<> 29; positionCounter++) {
72    lcd.scrollDisplayRight();
79  for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter <<> 16; positionCounter++) {
81    lcd.scrollDisplayLeft();

Serial to Display Example

This example sketch accepts serial input from a host computer and displays it on the LCD. To use it, upload the sketch, then open the Serial Monitor and type some characters and click Send. The text will appear on your LCD.

2  LiquidCrystal Library - Serial Input
4 Demonstrates the use a 16x2 LCD display.  The LiquidCrystal
5 library works with all LCD displays that are compatible with the
6 Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you
7 can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface.
9 This sketch displays text sent over the serial port
10 (e.g. from the Serial Monitor) on an attached LCD.
13 * LCD RS pin to digital pin 12
14 * LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11
15 * LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5
16 * LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4
17 * LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3
18 * LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2
19 * LCD R/W pin to ground
21 * ends to +5V and ground
22 * wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3)
24 Library originally added 18 Apr 2008
26 library modified 5 Jul 2009
27 by Limor Fried (http://www.ladyada.net)
28 example added 9 Jul 2009
35 This example code is in the public domain.
37 http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LiquidCrystalSerialDisplay
41// include the library code:
44// initialize the library by associating any needed LCD interface pin
45// with the arduino pin number it is connected to
46const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
47LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
50  // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
52  // initialize the serial communications:
57  // when characters arrive over the serial port...
58  if (Serial.available()) {
59    // wait a bit for the entire message to arrive
63    // read all the available characters
64    while (Serial.available() > 0) {
65      // display each character to the LCD
66      lcd.write(Serial.read());

Set Cursor Example

This example sketch shows how to use the 

setCursor()

method to reposition the cursor. To move the cursor, just call 

setCursor()

with a row and column position. For example, for a 2×16 display:

Here is the full example:

71const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
73LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
86  lcd.begin(numCols, numRows);
93  for (int thisLetter = 'a'; thisLetter <=<> 'z'; thisLetter++) {
97    for (int  thisRow = 0; thisRow <<> numRows; thisRow++) {
101      for (int thisCol = 0; thisCol <<> numCols; thisCol++) {
105        lcd.setCursor(thisCol, thisRow);
109        lcd.write(thisLetter);

Text Direction Example

This example sketch shows how to use the 

leftToRight()

and 

rightToLeft()

methods. These methods control which way text flows from the cursor.

  • rightToLeft()

    causes text to flow to the left from the cursor, as if the display is right-justified.

  • leftToRight()

    causes text to flow to the right from the cursor, as if the display is left-justified.

This sketch prints 

a

through 

l

right to left, then 

m

through 

r

left to right, then 

s

through 

z

right to left again.

71const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
73LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

Custom Character

This example demonstrates how to add custom characters on an LCD display.

Note that this example requires an additional potentiometer:

  • Outer pins connected to 5V and GND.
  • Inner pin (wiper) connected to A0.

This potentiometer controls the 

delayTime

variable.

48const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
49LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
112  lcd.createChar(0, heart);
114  lcd.createChar(1, smiley);
116  lcd.createChar(2, frownie);
118  lcd.createChar(3, armsDown);
120  lcd.createChar(4, armsUp);
128  lcd.print(" Arduino! ");
135  int sensorReading = analogRead(A0);
137  int delayTime = map(sensorReading, 0, 1023, 200, 1000);

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