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If you want to build a website, the first language that you need to learn is HTML.
In this article, we are going to go through the basics of HTML. At the end, we are going to build a basic website using only HTML.
Here’s a video you can watch if you want to supplement this article:
What Is HTML?
HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is a pretty simple language. It consists of different elements which we use to structure a web page.
What Are HTML Elements?
The element usually starts with an opening tag, which consists of the name of the element. It’s wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets. The opening tag indicates where the element begins.
Similar to the opening tag, the closing tag is also wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets. But it also includes a forward slash before the element’s name.
Everything inside the opening and closing tags is the content.
But not all elements follow this pattern. We call those that don’t empty elements. They only consist of a single tag or an opening tag that cannot have any content. These elements are typically used to insert or embed something in the document.
For example, the element is used to insert an input onto the page.
In the example above, the
How to Nest HTML Elements
Elements can be placed inside other elements. This is called Nesting. In the example above, inside the element we have an element and an or unordered list element. And Similarly inside the element, there are 3
Basic nesting is quite straight-forward to understand. But when the page gets larger, nesting can become complicated.
Therefore, before working with HTML, think about the layout structure you would like to have. You can draw it out on a piece of paper or in your mind. It will help a lot.
What are HTML Attributes?
Elements also have attributes, which contain extra information about the element that will not appear in the content.
In the example above, the src or source to specify the path of the image, and width to specify the width of the image in pixels.
With this example, you can see the following characteristics of attributes:
- There is a space between attributes and the element name
- Attributes are added in the opening tag
- Elements can have many attributes
- Attributes usually have a name and a value: name=“value”
But not every attribute has the same pattern. Some can exist without values, and we call them Boolean Attributes.
In this example, if we want to disable the button, all we have to do is pass a disabled attribute without any values. This means that the presence of the attribute represents the true value, otherwise, the absence represents the false value.
Common HTML elements
There are in total more than 100 elements. But 90% of the time you will only use around 20 of the most common. I have put them into 5 groups:
Section elements
These elements are used to organize the content into different sections. They are usually self-explanatory, for example,
Text content
These elements are used to organize content or text blocks. They are important to accessibility and SEO. They tell the browser the purpose or structure of the content.
Forms
These elements can be used together to create forms that users can fill out and submit. Forms might be the trickiest part of HTML.
Images and Links
![]()
,
These elements are used to insert an image or create a hyperlink.
Others
,
These elements are used to add a break to the webpage.
You can find all the elements on developer.mozilla.org. But for beginners, you just need to know the most common ones.
Block-level vs inline HTML elements
By default, an element can be either block-level or an inline element.
Block-level elements are the elements that always start on a new line and take up the full width available.
Inline elements are the elements that do not start on a new line and it only take up as much width as necessary.
Two elements that represent block-level and inline elements, respectively, are and . In this example, you can see that the elements takes 3 lines, whereas the element only takes up 1 line.
But the question is: how do we know which ones are block-level elements and which ones are inline elements? Well, unfortunately you need to remember them. The easiest way is to remember which are inline elements – and the rest are block elements.
If we look back at the most common HTML elements, inline elements include: , , .
This is a paragraph.
The purpose of comments is to include notes in the code to explain your logic or simply to organize your code.
HTML comments are wrapped in the special markers: and they are ignored in the browser.
How to use HTML entities
What if you want to show the text: the
tag defines a paragraph.
, but the browser interprets
the
tag defines a paragraph.
the
define a paragraph.
How to use emoji in HTML
In the modern web, we can display emoji in HTML pretty easily, like this: 👻
😀 Grinning Face.
🎂 Birthday
Common beginner mistakes in HTML
Tags/Element names are cAse-inSensitive. This means that they can be written in lowercase or uppercase, but it is recommended that you write everything in lowercase: not .
2. Closing tag
Failing to include a closing tag is a common beginner error. Therefore, whenever you create an opening tag, immediately put in a closing tag.
3. Nesting
This is wrong:
The tags have to open and close in a way that they are inside or outside one another.
4. Single quotes and Double quotes
This is wrong:
How to build a simple website with HTML
Individual HTML elements are not enough to create a website. So let’s see what more we need to build a simple website from scratch.
How to create an HTML document
First, let’s open Visual Studio Code (or your favorite code editor). In the folder of your choice, create a new file and name it index.html.
In the index.html file, type ! (exclamation mark) and press enter. You will see something like this:
This is the minimal code that an HTML document should have to make up a website. And here we have:
: First we have Doctype. For some weird historical reason in HTML we have to include the doctype for everything to work correctly.: Theelement wraps all the content on the page, also known as the root element. And we should always include thelangattribute to declare the language of the page.: Theelement is a container for everything you want to include, but not content that you show to your users.: The first meta element is used to set the character set to be UTF-8, which includes most characters from written languages.: The second meta element specifies the browser viewport. This setting is for a mobile-optimized site.: This is theDocument element. It sets the title of the page.: Theelement contains all the content on the page.How to build a pancake recipe page
Alright, now that we have the starter code, let’s build a pancake recipe page. We are going to use the content from this AllRecipes Page.
First, let’s give the
element content of the pancakes recipe. You will see the text on the web page tab change. In theelement, let’s create 3 elements:, andrepresenting 3 sections.In the header, we want to have the logo and the navigation. Therefore, let’s create a
divwith the contentALL RECIPEfor the logo.For the navigation, let’s use the
elements for 3 links: Ingredients, Steps, and Subscribe. The header code looks like this:element. Within theelement, we can useto create an unordered list. We want to have 3...... 2. Build the Main Section
In the main section, first, we want to have a title and an image. We can use
h1for the title andfor the image (we can use an image from Unsplash for free):...... 
Next, we want to list all the ingredients. We can use
to create an ordered list andto create a checkbox.But before that, we can use
to start a new content block. We also want to add theidattribute forso that the link in the navigation knows where to go:...... ...Ingredients
- 1 ½ cups all-purpose flour
- 3 ½ teaspoons baking powder
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 tablespoon white sugar
- 1 ¼ cups milk
- 1 egg
After the ingredients, we want to list all the steps. We can use
for the step content:for the step heading and...... ...Steps
Step 1
In a large bowl, sift together the flour, baking powder, salt and sugar. Make a well in the center and pour in the milk, egg and melted butter; mix until smooth.
Step 2
Heat a lightly oiled griddle or frying pan over medium-high heat. Pour or scoop the batter onto the griddle, using approximately 1/4 cup for each pancake. Brown on both sides and serve hot.
Alright, now that we are done with the main section, let’s move on to the footer section.
In the footer, we want to have a subscribe form and copyright text.
For the subscribe form, we can use the
element. Inside it, we can have anfor text input and afor the submit button.For the copyright text, we can simply use a
. Notice here, we can use the HTML entity$copy;for the copyright symbol.We can add
to add some space between the subscribe form and the copyright text:... ...Alright now we are done! Here is the full code for reference:
Ingredients
- 1 ½ cups all-purpose flour
- 3 ½ teaspoons baking powder
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 tablespoon white sugar
- 1 ¼ cups milk
- 1 egg
Steps
Step 1
In a large bowl, sift together the flour, baking powder, salt and sugar. Make a well in the center and pour in the milk, egg and melted butter; mix until smooth.
Step 2
Heat a lightly oiled griddle or frying pan over medium-high heat. Pour or scoop the batter onto the griddle, using approximately 1/4 cup for each pancake. Brown on both sides and serve hot.
Conclusion
You can build a simple website with just HTML. But to be able to build beautiful and functional websites, you need to study CSS and JavaScript.
You can follow me on social media or Youtube for future updates on these topics. But meanwhile, you can check out the freeCodeCamp Curriculum to practice HTML by solving small tasks.
Otherwise, stay happy coding and see you in future posts 👋.
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